Until 1895 there was no general agreement on the nomenclature of human or veterinary anatomy. Each nation had its own system of terminology, although there was a common foundation that extended far back into history.
Many structure had different names in different countries and many were named after the man credited with the first description. In many cases the same organ was associated with the names of different anatomists in different countries. Since this time there have been several human Nomina Anatomicas; the first International Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was published in 1968.
There are some principles, which agree to a large extent with those of the N.A. have served as guides in the work of the International Committiee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I. C. V. A N.)
Regarding terms of direction, the following rules were adopted after long deliberation. The terms cranialis and caudalis apply to the neck, trunk, tail and to the limbs as far distally as the end of the antebrachium and crus. The terms dorsalis andpalmaris are usedon the manus, and dorsalis and plantaris on the pes. On the other hand the terms rostralis, caudalis, dorsalis and ventralis are preferred with the terms anterior, posterior, superior and inferior used in a few locations such as the eye ball, eye-lids inner ear. Medialis and lateralis are used on the whole body except that axialis and abaxialis designate the sides of the digits in domestic mammals other than the horse.
No scientific nomenclature can be considered complete and permanent as long as research in the field continues. Reaserch in gross anayomy of domestic animals is actively pursued throughout the world, and has been accelerated by interest in the problemsuncovered in the compilation of the NAV. It is to be expected therefore that frequent revision will be required.
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